Early Dental Implant Failure in Patient with Active Implant Periapical Lesions: Lesson Learnt from Two Case Reports

ABSTRACT@#Implant periapical lesion (IPL) is also known as retrograde peri-implantitis and as the name suggests, it involves inflammation surrounding the apical part of the dental implants. Previously, many studies have reported the event of IPL that further delays osseointegration, and some reported failure of implant placement due to this disease. In this article, we described two cases of early dental implant failure that was associated with active IPL and correlated the clinical and radiographical findings with the histopathological findings.

Terapia descompresiva en el manejo no quirúrgico de lesiones perirradiculares de gran tamaño / Decompressive therapy in the non-surgical management of large periradicular lesions

Introducción: La periodontitis apical asintomática es de los diagnósticos endodónticos más comunes que se presentan en la población mundial. Consiste en la afectación del tejido periapical como resultado de la activación de mecanismos de inflamación, los que incluyen lisis y reabsorción de tejidos de soporte como cemento, ligamento y hueso alveolar. El signo patognomónico de la periodontitis apical es la presencia de radiolucidez periapical, resultado de la destrucción de los tejidos periapicales. Su principal tratamiento abarca el manejo endodóntico convencional cuyo objetivo es la eliminación de los irritantes locales dentro del conducto radicular. Sin embargo, cuando se desarrollan lesiones de gran tamaño es necesario complementar con terapias que aceleren la reparación, una de ellas la descompresión, la cual a partir de la reducción de la presión intralesión e intraósea con lo que favorece la formación de tejido fibroso, conectivo y óseo. Objetivo: Describir la técnica de descompresión intraconducto en el manejo de lesiones periapicales de gran tamaño. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 33 años de edad, con diagnóstico de periodontitis apical asintomática y evaluación tomográfica de lesión periapical de gran tamaño (67,5 UH) manejado con terapia endodóntica convencional y descomprensión intraconducto como terapia coadyuvante. Posterior a la restauración se realizaron controles clínicos y radiográficos. A los 24 meses se evidenció reparación de los tejidos involucrados con restauración del espacio del ligamento periodontal. Conclusiones: En este caso, la terapia descomprensiva fue una alternativa en el manejo de una lesión periapical de gran tamaño, que permitió regular la presión intraósea y facilitar la regeneración del tejido óseo, evitando la intervención quirúrgica siendo así más confortante para el paciente(AU)

Introduction: Asymptomatic apical periodontitis is one of the most common endodontic disorders diagnosed in the world population. It consists in damage to the periapical tissue due to activation of inflammation mechanisms, including lysis and resorption of support tissues like cementum, ligament and alveolar bone. The pathognomonic sign of apical periodontitis is the presence of periapical radiolucency due to the destruction of periapical tissue. Its main treatment includes conventional endodontic management aimed at removing local irritants from the root canal. However, when large lesions develop, it is necessary to complement the conventional treatment with therapies speeding up the repair process, such as decompression, which reduces intralesion and intraosseous pressure, fostering the formation of fibrous, connective and bone tissue. Objective: Describe the use of intracanal decompression technique in the management of large periapical lesions. Case presentation: A case is presented of a 33-year-old patient diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis and a tomographic evaluation of a large periapical lesion (67.5 UH) treated with conventional endodontic therapy and intracanal decompression as adjuvant therapy. Restoration was followed by clinical and radiographic controls. At 24 months it was observed that the tissues involved had been repaired and the periodontal ligament space restored. Conclusions: The use of decompressive therapy as an alternative in the management of a large periapical lesion, made it possible to regulate intraosseous pressure and facilitate bone tissue regeneration, relieving the patient from the discomforts of a surgical intervention(AU)

Efectividad de la membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas asociada al colgajo de reposición coronal / Effectiveness of the platelet-rich fibrin membrane associated to coronally repositioned flap

Introducción: El colgajo de reposición coronal constituye una técnica ventajosa para el tratamiento de la recesión periodontal. Cuando esa técnica es combinada con diferentes biomateriales los resultados son superiores desde el punto de vista de la cobertura radicular y la estabilidad en el tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas combinada con el colgajo de reposición coronal en la cobertura radicular. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuasiexperimental con pacientes atendidos en la consulta de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de Villa Clara durante el periodo comprendido entre marzo del 2017 y mayo del 2019. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 41 pacientes que presentaban recesión periodontal y requerían recubrimiento radicular mediante la técnica del colgajo de reposición coronal. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional por criterios y la muestra quedó constituida por 26 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios establecidos para el estudio. Se establecieron sitios de estudio y sitios de control. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, extensión longitudinal de la recesión, cobertura radicular, clasificación de Miller, anchura y ganancia de la encía insertada, categorías de evaluación y efectividad del tratamiento. Resultados: En el 92,45 por ciento de los dientes ubicados en los sitios de estudio predominó la categoría de evaluación favorable. El porcentaje de efectividad del tratamiento fue superior en los sitios de estudio en un 33,96 por ciento con relación a los controles. Conclusiones: Se consideró más efectivo el tratamiento de la membrana de fibrina rica en plaquetas asociada al colgajo de reposición coronal(AU)

Introduction: Coronally repositioned flap constitutes an advanced technique for the treatment of periodontal recession. When combined with different biomaterials the results are much more encouraging regarding root coverage and stability in time. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of the platelet-rich fibrin membrane combined with coronal repositioned flap in the root coverage. Methods: A quasi-experimental research was carried out in patients treated at the periodontal office of the Dentistry faculty in Villa Clara province from March 2017 to May 2019. The population was constituted by 41 patients who suffered from periodontal recession and required root coverage using coronally repositioned flap. An intentional non-probabilistic sample was used resulting in 26 patients with the established criteria. Study and control sites were established. Variables such as age, sex, recession length, root coverage, Miller's classification, width and gaining of the attached gingiva, assessment categories and effectiveness of treatment were studied. Results: A favorable assessment category was predominant in 92,45 percent of teeth located in the study sites. The percentage of effectiveness of treatment was higher in the study sites in 33,96 percent in relation to the control sites . Conclusions: The treatment of the platelet-rich fibrin membrane associated with coronally repositioned flap was considered more effective(AU)

Retratamento endodôntico e complementação cirúrgica em dente com fístula persistente: relato de caso / Endodontic retreatment and surgical complementation on a tooth with persistent fistula: case report

Introdução: O preparo químico-mecânico representa uma etapa fundamental, pois promove a antissepsia do complexo sistema de canais radiculares, viabilizando um ambiente biológico favorável para o processo de cura e reparo dos tecidos periapicais. Porém, insucessos podem acontecer em dentes tratados e retratados endodonticamente, sendo a intervenção cirúrgica frequentemente indicada nesses casos. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 32 anos de idade, melanoderma, apresentou-se à clínica-escola de uma faculdade de Odontologia em um município baiano, com queixa principal de "aparecimento de bolha na gengiva e gosto amargo na boca". Ao exame clínico, visualizou-se presença de restauração de resina composta nas faces mesial e palatina, bem como fístula intrabucal ativa na região de fundo de vestíbulo, próximo ao ápice do elemento #22. Por meio de exames clínico e radiográfico, testes de sensibilidade pulpar e rastreamento da fístula, foi estabelecido diagnóstico de tratamento endodôntico concluído, e periapical de abscesso apical crônico. Em seguida, houve indicação de retratamento endodôntico e duas sessões de medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio, seguidas de uma intervenção cirúrgica exploratória. Resultados: O protocolo de tratamento proposto foi eficaz. Constatou-se sucesso clínico, com cicatrização da fístula intrabucal ativa, e radiográfico, com reparação dos tecidos periapicais, além do restabelecimento da estética e função dentária, com acompanhamento de 26 meses. O paciente encontra-se sob acompanhamento semestral. Conclusão: é necessário salientar a relevância de efetuar com segurança um planejamento e prognóstico endodôntico confiável e, igualmente, o acompanhamento do caso, com supervisão clínica e radiográfica periódica (AU).

Introduction: Biological chemical preparation repre- sents a fundamental step, as it promotes asepsis of the complex root canal system, enabling a biological environment favorable to the process of healing and repair of the periapical tissues. However, failures can occur in endodontic treatment and retreatment teeth, where surgical intervention is often indicated in these cases. Description: The patient, a 32-year old man, melanoderma, presented at the school clinic of a School of Dentistry in a city in Bahia, with a chief complaint of "blistering of the gums and bitter taste in the mouth." Clinical examination revealed the presence of composite resin restoration on the mesial and palatine surfaces, and an active intraoral fistula in the vestibular region near the apex of tooth 22. By means of clinical, radiographic, pulp sensitivity tests and sinus tracking, a diagnosis of completed endodontic treatment was established, and periapical diagnosis of a chronic apical abscess. Afterwards, endodontic retreatment was indicated, consisting of two sessions of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide, followed by an exploratory surgical intervention. Results: The proposed treatment protocol was effective. Clinical and radiographic success with healing of the active intrabuccal fistula and repair of the periapical tissues, as well as reestablishment of esthetics and dental function, was verified, in a period of twenty six months follow-up. At present, the patient is being followed-up semi-annually. Conclusion: it is necessary to emphasize the importance of safely performing reliable endodontic planning and prognosis, as well as follow up of the case, with periodic clinical and radiographic control (AU).

Endodoncia y ortodoncia. Parte 2: casos clínicos / Endodontics and orthodontics. Part 2: clinical cases

Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento endodóncico de cuatro casos clínicos de reabsorción radicular desarrollada durante o tras un tratamiento ortodóncico. Casos clínicos: Después de la preparación y la desinfección de los conductos radiculares, estos fueron obturados por un tiempo prudencial con una medicación intraconducto de hidróxido de calcio, que luego fue reemplazada por MTA. Luego de un período de entre uno y cuatro años, según el caso, los tratamientos fueron evaluados clínica y radiográficamente. Los dientes que debieron ser extraídos fueron analizados histológicamente. Según la evolución clínica y radiográfica de los casos presentados, el uso inicial de hidróxido de calcio y su posterior reemplazo por MTA parecería ser un protocolo adecuado para completar el proceso de reparación de los tejidos apicales y perirradiculares en casos de reabsorciones radiculares provocadas por fuerzas ortodóncicas excesivas. Las enfermedades sistémicas deben ser tenidas en cuenta para la elección de la terapéutica (AU)

Aim: To describe the endodontic treatment of four clinical cases of permanent teeth suffering root resorption during or after orthodontic treatment. Clinical cases: Four clinical cases of permanent teeth with root resorption were endodontically treated. After the root canals were prepared and disinfected, they were medicated with calcium hydroxide. After an appropriate observation period, the canals were finally filled with MTA. The treatment outcomes were clinically and radiographically assessed at an interval between one to four years according to the clinical case. The histological findings of teeth that required extraction was also described. Our clinical and radiographic observations suggest that a temporary filling with calcium hydroxide and further obturation with MTA can provide a favorable intracanal environment for apical and periradicular tissue reparation. The clinician needs a full medical history to be aware of the systemic diseases in patients with root resorption that will be of importance for the proper selection of treatment (AU)

Regressão de periodontite apical assintomática: relato de caso clínico / Regression of asymptomatic apical periodontitis: clinical case report

A periodontite apical assintomática consiste na inflamação e na destruição do periodonto apical em decorrência de uma infecção no sistema de canais radiculares, após a necrose do tecido pulpar. O tratamento proposto para manutenção dos dentes que apresentam essa patologia é o tratamento endodôntico que pode ser realizado em sessão única ou múltiplas sessões. O objetivo desse estudo é relatar um caso clínico de regressão de uma periodontite apical assintomática, no dente 37, realizada em sessão única, com acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico de 60 e 90 dias. O preparo químico- -mecânico foi realizado com o sistema Reciproc blue (25.08 e 40.06) e uso do hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, como substância química auxiliar. O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico foi realizado 60 e 90 dias após o procedimento, no qual, foi possível verificar a ausência de sintomatologia dolorosa, edema ou fístula na região da mucosa. A imagem radiolúcida, na região periapical, apresentou uma redução progressiva, sugerindo a evolução do reparo tecidual. Dessa forma, dentes com periodontite apical assintomática, após uma efetiva limpeza química e mecânica, realizados em sessão única, apresentam redução nos sinais clínicos e radiográficos, podendo obter um reparo tecidual... (AU)

Asymptomatic apical periodontitis consists of inflammation and destruction of the apical periodontium due to an infection in the root canal system, after pulp tissue necrosis. The proposed treatment for the maintenance of teeth that present this pathology is endodontic treatment that can be performed in a single session or multiple sessions. The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of regression of an asymptomatic apical periodontitis, in tooth 37, performed in a single session, with clinical and radiographic follow-up for 60 and 90 days. The chemical-mechanical preparation was carried out with the Reciproc blue system (25.08 and 40.06) and the use of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as an auxiliary chemical. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed 60 and 90 days after the procedure, in which it was possible to verify the absence of painful symptoms, edema or fistula in the mucosa region. The radiolucent image in the periapical region showed a progressive dimensional reduction, suggesting the evolution of tissue repair. Thus, teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, after an effective chemical and mechanical cleaning, performed in a single session, present a reduction in clinical and radiographic signs, which can lead to tissue repair... (AU)

Influência da agulha e fluxo de irrigação na limpeza do canal radicular e extrusão apical de irrigante: análise em micro-CT / Influence of needle and irrigation flow rate on root canal cleaning and apical extrusion of irrigant: Micro-CT analysis

Introdução: O tipo de agulha e fluxo de irrigação é importante para a limpeza adequada no terço apical do canal radicular. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do tipo de agulha e fluxo de irrigação na limpeza do canal radicular e canais laterais simulados e na extrusão apical do irrigante. Métodos: Trinta e dois dentes de resina foram utiliza- dos. Após a instrumentação do canal radicular, foram feitos quatro canais laterais a 2 e 7 mm do ápice. Os canais radiculares foram preenchidos com solução de contraste. Os canais foram irrigados com dois tipos de agulha, 29G e 31G, com diferentes designs (abertura lateral e apical) e dois fluxos (2 ou 5 mL/min), a 1 mm aquém do comprimento de trabalho. O volume da solução de contraste nos canais principal e laterais após irrigação e a extrusão apical do irrigante (mm3 ) foi avaliado por micro-CT, em comparação com a análise inicial. Os dados em porcentagem foram analisados pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (α=0,05). Resultados: não houve diferença entre os protocolos de irrigação para limpeza da solução de contraste. Maior volume de extrusão apical com agulha 29G com abertura apical e 5 mL/min foi observado, em comparação ao mesmo tipo de agulha e 2 mL/min (p<0,05). Conclusão: Todos os protocolos de irrigação foram associados à limpeza dos canais radiculares. Maior extrusão apical foi observada com agulha 29G ­ abertura apical com maior fluxo de irrigação (5 mL/min). Implicações clínicas: Irrigação endodôntica com agulha com abertura apical e maior fluxo da solução pode favorecer a extrusão dos irrigantes para os tecidos periapicais (AU).

Introduction: needle and irrigation flow rate are important for proper cleaning of the root canal. Aim: to evaluate the influence of type of needle and irrigation flow rate on cleaning of root canal and simulated lateral canals and the apical extrusion of irrigant. Methods: Thirty-two resin teeth were used. After root canal instrumentation, four lateral canals were made at 2 and 7 mm from the apex. Root canals were filled with contrast solution. The root canals were irrigated with two types of needle, 29G and 31G, with different designs (side and apical opening) and two flow rates (2 or 5 mL/min), at 1 mm short of the working length. The volume of the contrast solution in the main and lateral canals after irrigation and apical extrusion of the irrigant (mm3) were evaluated by Micro-CT, in comparison with the initial analysis. Data in percentage were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukeys tests (α = 0.05). Results: no difference among the irrigation protocols for contrast solution cleaning was observed. Higher volume of apical extrusion using needle 29G-apical opening and 5 mL/min in comparison with the same type of needle and 2 mL/min was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: all irrigation protocols were associated with root canals cleaning. Greater apical extrusion was observed for needle 29G-apical opening with higher irrigation flow rate (5 mL/min). Clinical implications: endodontic irrigation using a needle with apical opening and higher flow rate of solution may favor extrusion of irrigant to the periapical tissues (AU).

Detección y cuantificación de células plasmáticas (plasmocitos) en granulomas periapicales inducidos experimentalmente en ratas / Detection and quantification of plasma cells in experimentally induced rat periapical granulomas

Objetivo: En los granulomas periapicales, los plasmocitos (PL) participan activamente mediante la liberación de inmunoglobulinas. El propósito de este ensayo fue identificar y contar el número de PL en diferentes períodos de tiempo en lesiones periapicales experimentales en ratas. Materiales y métodos: Mediante la exposición al medio oral de la pulpa de los primeros molares inferiores izquierdos, se indujeron granulomas periapicales en ratas a las que previamente se les suministró anestesia. La pulpa de los primeros molares inferiores derechos no fue expuesta, y estos dientes se utilizaron como control. Los animales fueron eutanasiados a los 10, 30 y 60 días de la exposición. Los maxilares inferiores fueron removidos, y los primeros molares, junto con los tejidos circundantes, se procesaron para su estudio histológico. Se obtuvieron secciones semiseriadas, posteriormente coloreadas con verde de metilo-pironina (VMP). Cada tres secciones, las tres siguientes fueron coloreadas con hematoxilina y eosina (H-E). Los controles también fueron coloreados con H-E. Resultados: Todos los especímenes experimentales coloreados con H-E revelaron la presencia de granulomas periapicales. Luego de la exposición pulpar, el número de PL que reaccionó positivamente al VMP se incrementó de manera progresiva desde el día 10 hasta los días 30 y 60. A pesar de que a los 60 días el número de PL fue ligeramente menor que a los 30 días, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos dos períodos. Los especímenes del grupo control coloreados con H-E mostraron que los tejidos periapicales se encontraban dentro de los parámetros normales en todos los períodos de observación. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio revelaron que el número de plasmocitos VMP positivos se incrementa progresivamente en función del tiempo transcurrido pero se estabiliza al finalizar el experimento. También sugieren que el empleo de la coloración de VMP es un procedimiento adecuado para la identificación y la cuantificación de plasmocitos en los granulomas periapicales inducidos experimentalmente en ratas (AU)

Aim: Plasma cells (PL) release immunoglobulin in periapical lesions. The purpose of this assay was to identify and count the number of plasmocytes observed in periapical lesions in rats. Materials and methods: By exposing the pulp of the lower left first molars to the oral environment, periapical granulomas were induced in rats previously anesthetized. The pulp of right mandibular first molars was not exposed and these teeth were used as negative controls. The animals were euthanized at 10, 30 and 60 days after pup exposure. The mandibles were removed and specimens of the molar teeth along with the surrounding tissues were prepared for histology. Semi serial sections of the left first molar were stained with methyl green pyronine (MGP). Every three sections, the following three sections were stained with hematoxilyn and eosin (H-E). Negative control samples were stained with H-E. Results: All the H-E stained experimental samples revealed the presence of periapical granulomas. After pulp exposure, the number of PL increased from day 10 to 30 and 60. In the 60-day samples the number of PL was slightly less than that of the 30-day samples, with no statistically significant difference. The H-E stained control samples showed normal periapical tissues in all observation periods. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that the number of VMP positive PL, increased progressively with time but it was stabilized at the end of the experiment. In addition, the results suggest that the use of VMP stain is a suitable procedure for the identification and counting of PL in experimentally induced periapical granulomas in rats (AU)

Evaluation of Apical Transportation by Three Rotary Systems in Extracted Teeth with Curved Canals / Evaluación de la transportación apical con tres sistemas rotatorios en dientes extraídos con conductos curvos

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the apical transportation in extracted teeth using three different rotary nickel-titanium systems (Mtwo, Hyflex CM, and Typhoon). Sixty extracted first molars were randomly divided into three groups (n=20 in each group) with similar root canal curvatures (25-52 degrees). All root canals were prepared to size 30 using a crown-down preparation technique for each rotary system. Loss of working length and apical transportation were determined by X-ray evaluation. Comparisons between the groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis tests, and the post hoc analyses employed were Dunn´s or Tukey´s multiple comparison tests. No significant differences were detected between the different rotary systems in the loss of working length and apical transportation. This in vitro study showed that the use of these three rotary systems are safe and useful for instrumentation in curved canals; however, further in vivo research is essential to compare the effectiveness and safety of these systems for use in curved canals.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la transportación apical en dientes extraídos utilizando tres sistemas rotatorios de níquel-titanio (Mtwo, Hyflex CM y Typhoon). Sesenta primeros molares extraídos se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos (n=20 en cada grupo) con curvaturas del conducto radicular similares (25-52 grados). Todos los conductos radiculares se prepararon usando una técnica corono apical para cada sistema rotatorio. La pérdida de la longitud de trabajo y la transportación apical se determinaron mediante evaluación radiográfica. Las comparaciones entre los grupos se realizaron utilizando análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA) o Kruskal-Wallis, y los análisis post hoc empleados fueron las pruebas de comparación múltiple de Dunn o Tukey. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes sistemas rotatorios en la pérdida de la longitud de trabajo y transportación apical. Este estudio demostró que el uso de estos tres sistemas es seguro y útil para su instrumentación en conductos curvos; sin embargo, investigación in vivo es necesaria para comparar la efectividad y seguridad de estos sistemas para su uso en conductos curvos.

Avaliação do preenchimento de canais radiculares comparando a técnica manual com Mcspadden com o uso de cone único do sistema Protaper Universal / Evaluation of radicle channel filling comparing manual technique with Mcspadden with the use of the Universal Protaper system single cone

Para o sucesso no tratamento endodôntico é necessário a limpeza e modelagem dos condutos radiculares. Para isso, utilizam-se algumas técnicas de preparo dos canais com o intuito de remover o conteúdo patológico, visando sanar o canal radicular. Após um preparo cuidadoso e preciso, a obturação que acompanha a técnica escolhida deve apresentar um selamento adequado e preencher o sistema radicular com a finalidade de substituir o conteúdo natural ou patológico dos condutos por materiais inertes tolerados pelos tecidos periapicais. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar por meio de radiografia digital, a qualidade de preenchimento de canais simulados retos quando os mesmos foram preparados manualmente e obturados utilizando condensação lateral e Mcsppaden e preparados com o sistema rotatório e obturados com a técnica de cone único. Para este estudo foram utilizados 20 blocos de canais radiculares simulados retos com comprimento de 21 mm. Estes blocos foram divididos em terços (cervical, médio e apical) em dois grupos que foram avaliados como ruim, bom e muito bom, onde foram obturados de duas formas diferentes, um grupo utilizando a técnica da condensação lateral mais emprego de Mcspadden e no outro grupo obturação com cone único após o preparo com o sistema mecanizado Protaper Universal. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste Qui-quadrado de Person e Teste Exato de Fisher com nível de significância de 95%. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram diferença significativas entre os terços obturados com as duas técnicas. Pode-se concluir, considerando a metodologia empregada e os resultados obtidos, que há diferença entre as duas técnicas obturadoras em relação a qualidade de preenchimento dos canais radiculares(AU)

Successful endodontic treatment requires cleaning and shaping of the root ducts. For this, some techniques of canal preparation are used in order to remove the pathological content, aiming to remedy the root canal. After careful and accurate preparation, the obturation accompanying the chosen technique must be properly sealed and fill the root system in order to replace the natural or pathological contents of the ducts with inert materials tolerated by the periapical tissues.Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate by digital radiography the quality of filling of straight simulated channels when they were manually prepared and filled using lateral condensation and Mcsppaden and prepared with the rotary system and filled with the technique of single cone. For this study 20 blocks of simulated straight root canals with a length of 21 mm were used. These blocks were divided into thirds (cervical, middle and apical) into two groups that were evaluated as bad, good and very good, where they were filled in two different ways, one using the lateral condensation technique plus Mcspadden's and the other single cone obturation group after preparation with the Protaper Universal mechanized system. Data were submitted to Person Chi-square test and Fisher Exact Test with a significance level of 95%. The obtained results showed significant difference between the thirds filled with the two techniques. It can be concluded, considering the methodology employed and the results obtained, that there is a difference between the two obturator techniques in relation to the filling quality of the root canals(AU)

Periodontal Tissue Condition on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Clinical Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate periodontal tissue condition on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and its characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 61 SLE patients. Clinical examination of the oral cavity was performed using periodontal index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and number of loose teeth. Also, we evaluated SLE duration, treatment duration, ethnics, marital status, educational background, family income, and occupation. Results: In the evaluation of periodontal tissue, 93.4% had bleeding on probing, 80.3% clinical attachment loss, and 16.3% loose teeth. A total of 54 patients (88.5%) with SLE had periodontitis. Seven subjects had no periodontitis, 11 mild periodontitis, 29 moderate periodontitis and 14 severe periodontitis. Mean Periodontal Index score, Gingival Index, Clinical Attachment Loss (mm), and the number of mobility teeth, Plaque Index and Calculus Index respectively were 2.66 ± 1.20, 1.95 ± 1.02, 0.75 ± 0.59 mm, 1,49 ± 1.77. There was a significant difference in periodontal index score, shown periodontitis between employment and unemployment subjects (p=0.004) and a moderate correlation between periodontitis and occupation. Conclusion: Periodontitis found as manifestations SLE patients, followed by bleeding on probing and loose teeth. Its characteristics is playing a role in periodontitis in SLE patients.

Importância da radiografia intra-oral em tratamentos periodontais de cães e gatos: relato de três casos / The importance of intra-oral radiographs in periodontal treatmentsof dogs and cats: three cases reports

A radiografia intra-oral é um método de diagnóstico por imagem essencial em pacientes submetidos a tratamento odontológico de qualquer natureza, especialmente em casos de doença peridontal. Permite a avaliação de estruturas ósseas e dentárias, elucidando múltiplos diagnósticos que não são firmados clinicamente. Inclui-se no estudo radiográfico a análise da integridade da lâmina dura, do ligamento periodontal, de afecções dentárias como abscessos periapicais, cistos, alterações de desenvolvimento coronário e radicular, agenesias, dentes inclusos ou supranumerários, raízes fraturadas remanescentes na região subgengival, reabsorções dentárias ou ósseas (associadas à doença periodontal ou neoplasias) e estruturas internas do dente (diâmetro da câmara pulpar e canal radicular). O presente artigo visa, portanto, mostrar através da apresentação de casos clínicos, a relevância do exame radiográfico para a correta abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de afecções subclínicas, mesmo em pacientes sem sinais de dor ou supostamente portadores de apenas gengivite. Foram relatados um caso de hipoplasia radicular, um de cisto de origem dentária e outro de reabsorção dentária, todos diagnosticados após a realização da documentação radiográfica intra-oral.

The intra-oral radiography is an essential diagnosis imaging method, in patients submitted to dental treatment of any nature, especially cases of periodontal diseases. It allows the evaluation of structural bone and dental diseases, elucidating multiple diagnoses, which are not clinically proven. The radiographic study includes the analysis of the periodontal ligament and lamina dura integrity, dental anomalies such as periapical abscesses, cysts, coronary and root development failures, agenesis, unerupted or supernumerary teeth, fractured roots remaining in the subgingival area, tooth or bone resorption, (associated with neoplasia or periodontal disease) and Internal tooth structures such as diameter of pulp chamber and root canal. The present article aims to show, through clinical case reports, the relevance of the radiographic examination towards the correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach of subclinical infections, even in patients without signs of pain or supposedly gingivitis bearers. Amongst the reported cases, there is a root hipoplasia, a dental origin cyst and a tooth resorption, all diagnosed after intra-oral radiographic completion.

Acidente com hipoclorito de sódio durante tratamento endodôntico: análise de prontuário / Accident injection with sodium hypochlorite during endodontic treatment: case report

O sucesso do tratamento endodôntico está diretamente ligado ao processo de limpeza e modelagem dos canais radiculares. E para se conseguir a limpeza e desinfecção são utilizadas substâncias químicas auxiliares como coadjuvantes ao preparo mecânico, pois são essenciais na redução de microrganismos presentes no sistema de canais radiculares. Dentre as principais substâncias químicas auxiliares empregadas, a que apresenta maior destaque é o Hipoclorito de Sódio. O objetivo do presente estudo é mostrar através de uma análise de prontuário, um relato de um acidente com hipoclorito de sódio durante um atendimento odontológico. Para isso, um prontuário foi selecionado, onde a paciente procurou a clínica do Curso de Odontologia do Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha para realizar tratamento endodôntico do dente 16. Durante este procedimento, ocorreu um extravasamento do hipoclorito de sódio aos tecidos periapicais, e partir deste fato foi possível relatar maneiras de como prevenir, tratar e evitar esse tipo situação(AU)

The success of endodontic treatment is directly related to the root canal cleaning and modeling process. In order to achieve cleaning and disinfection, auxiliary chemical substances are used as auxiliaries to the mechanical preparation, since they are essential in the reduction of microorganisms present in the root canal system. Among the main auxiliary chemical substances employed, the most prominent is Sodium Hypochlorite. The objective of the present study is to show through an analysis of medical records, an account of an accident with sodium hypochlorite during a dental care. For this, a chart was selected, where the patient sought the clinic of the Dentistry Course of the University Center of Serra Gaúcha to perform endodontic treatment of the tooth 16. During this procedure, an extravasation of the sodium hypochlorite occurred to the periapical tissues, and from this It was possible to report on ways to prevent, treat and avoid this type of situation(AU)

Tratamento com MTA Repair HP de extensa perfuração radicular após iatrogenia: relato de caso / Treatment with MTA Repair HP of extensive root perforation after iatrogeny: case report

Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico de perfuração radicular causada por iatrogenia, em terço cervical e médio de um incisivo central superior, dente 21, com presença de lesão óssea periapical. Relato de caso: clinicamente, pôde-se constatar ausência de edema e fístula. Na avaliação da condição pulpar e dos tecidos perirradiculares, o dente apresentou dor na palpação, ausência de mobilidade e de dor em percussão vertical e horizontal. Após os exames de imagem obtidos por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC; Prexion 3D), constatou-se lesão perirradicular extensa, canal radicular obliterado e perfuração radicular em face vestibular após tentativa de acesso cirúrgico. Como escolha de tratamento, optou-se por recuperar o trajeto original do canal de maneira a obter acesso intracanal, realização do preparo químico-mecânico e obturação pela técnica do cone único, para posteriormente promover o selamento adequado da perfuração com MTA Repair HP (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil). Após seis meses, o dente apresentava-se assintomático e, radiograficamente, observou-se o reparo da lesão periapical. Considerações finais: o correto planejamento, o conhecimento dos materiais utilizados e a abordagem terapêutica foram de suma importância para o manejo adequado do caso. (AU)

Objective: to report a clinical case of root perforation, caused by iatrogeny in the cervical and middle third of an upper central incisor, tooth 21, with presence of periapical bone lesion. Case report: clinically, there was no edema and fistula. Facing the evaluation of the pulp condition and the periradicular tissues, the tooth presented pain on palpation, absence of mobility and pain on vertical and horizontal percussion. After the imaging exams, obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT; Prexion 3D), extensive periradicular lesion, obliterated root canal and root perforation were observed in the buccal face after attempted surgical access. As a choice of treatment, we chose to recover the original path of the canal in order to obtain intracanal access, chemicomechanical preparation and obturation by the single-cone technique to later promote proper sealing of the perforation with MTA Repair HP (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil). After six months, the tooth was asymptomatic and, radiographically, the repair of the periapical lesion was observed. Final considerations: the correct planning, knowledge of the materials used and therapeutic approach were of paramount importance for the proper management of the case. (AU)

Periapical bone response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide is shifted upon cyclooxygenase blockage

Abstract Objectives: Infection, inflammation and bone resorption are closely related events in apical periodontitis development. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in osteoclastogenesis and bone metabolism signaling in periapical bone tissue after bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation into root canals. Methodology: Seventy two C57BL/6 mice had the root canals of the first molars inoculated with a solution containing LPS from E. coli (1.0 mg/mL) and received selective (celecoxib) or non-selective (indomethacin) COX-2 inhibitor. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and the tissues removed for total RNA extraction. Evaluation of gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-tests (α=0.05). Results: LPS induced expression of mRNA for COX-2 (Ptgs2) and PGE2 receptors (Ptger1, Ptger3 and Ptger4), indicating that cyclooxygenase is involved in periapical response to LPS. A signaling that favours bone resorption was observed because Tnfsf11 (RANKL), Vegfa, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam, Vcam1, Nfkb1 and Sox9 were upregulated in response to LPS. Indomethacin and celecoxib differentially modulated expression of osteoclastogenic and other bone metabolism genes: celecoxib downregulated Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam1, Nfkb1, Smad3, Sox9, Csf3, Vcam1 and Itga3 whereas indomethacin inhibited Tgfbr1, Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Sox9, Cd36 and Icam1. Conclusions: We demonstrated that gene expression for COX-2 and PGE2 receptors was upregulated after LPS inoculation into the root canals. Additionally, early administration of indomethacin and celecoxib (NSAIDs) inhibited osteoclastogenic signaling. The relevance of the cyclooxygenase pathway in apical periodontitis was shown by a wide modulation in the expression of genes involved in both bone catabolism and anabolism.

A comparison of the sealing abilities between Biodentine and MTA as root-end filling materials and their effects on bone healing in dogs after periradicular surgery

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare the sealing ability and biocompatibility of Biodentine with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) when used as root-end filling materials. Methodology: The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to compare the cytotoxicity of MTA and Biodentine. Twenty-one extracted teeth with a single canal were immersed in an acidic silver nitrate solution after root-end filling. Then, the volume and depth of silver nitrate that infiltrated the apical portion of the teeth were analyzed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Seventy-two roots from 3 female beagle dogs were randomly distributed into 3 groups and apical surgery was performed. After six months, the volume of the bone defect surrounding these roots was analyzed using micro-CT. Results: Based on the results of the CCK-8 assay, MTA and Biodentine did not show statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity (P>0.05). The volume and the depth of the infiltrated nitrate solution were greater in the MTA group than in the Biodentine group (P<0.05). The volume of the bone defect was larger in the MTA group than in the Biodentine group. However, the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The volumes of the bone defects in the MTA and Biodentine groups were smaller than the group without any filling materials (P<0.05). Conclusions: MTA and Biodentine exhibited comparable cellular biocompatibility. Biodentine showed a superior sealing ability to MTA in root-end filling. Both Biodentine and MTA promoted periradicular bone healing in beagle dog periradicular surgery models.

O impacto da patência apical para o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico: uma revisão de literatura / The impact of apical patency for the success of endodontical treatment: a review of the literature

Objetivo: analisar a importância da realização da patência apical durante o preparo químico-mecânico do sistema de canais radiculares, enfatizando os prós e contras do procedimento. Materiais e método: foi realizada uma busca na base de dados PubMed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde sobre o tema patência apical no contexto da terapia endodôntica. Foram incluídos nesta revisão 30 artigos, publicados no período de 1974 a 2018. Revisão de literatura: a patência apical consiste na limpeza passiva do canal cementário sem ampliação da constrição apical, realizada com instrumentos finos e flexíveis, a fim de manter o forame apical livre de raspas de dentina, remanescentes pulpares e microrganismos. Tal manobra é indicada para dentes com necrose pulpar. Contudo, em dentes com polpa necrótica sem lesão perirradicular, em que há possibilidade de vitalidade do coto pulpar, ou em casos de biopulpectomia, esse procedimento não tem sido bem aceito, devido à preservação da vitalidade do coto pulpar ser muito importante para o reparo periapical. Considerações finais: a etapa correspondente ao preparo químico-mecânico é de extrema importância para se ter êxito na intervenção endodôntica. Durante o preparo dos canais radiculares, o acúmulo de debris dentinários no terço apical pode gerar perda no comprimento de trabalho. Dessa forma, a patência apical impede que essa dentina seja compactada nesta porção do canal, o que favorece modelagem, desinfecção, irrigação e, posteriormente, obturação adequada dessa importante região do sistema de canais radiculares. (AU)

during the chemical-mechanical preparation of the root canal system, emphasizing the pros and cons of this procedure. Materials and method: a search in the literature for relevant articles on the topic apical patency in the context of endodontic therapy was carried out by consulting the databases of PubMed and the Virtual Health Library. A total of 30 articles, published between 1974 and 2018, were selected for inclusion in this literature review. Literature review: the apical patency consisted of passive cleaning of the cementum canal without enlargement of the apical constriction, performed with thin and flexible instruments, in order to maintain the apical foramen free of dentin scrapings, remaining pulp and microorganisms. This maneuver is indicated for teeth with pulp necrosis. However, in teeth with necrotic pulp without periradicular lesion, in which there is possibility of vitality of the pulp stump, or cases of biopulpectomy, this procedure has not been well accepted, due to the preservation of the vitality of the pulp stump being very important for the periapical repair. Final considerations: the stage corresponding to the chemical-mechanical preparation is extremely important to succeed in endodontic intervention. During the preparation of the root canals, the accumulation of dentinal debris in the apical third can cause loss of working length. Thus, the apical patency prevents this dentin from being compacted in this portion of the canal, which favors the modeling, disinfection, irrigation and subsequent filling of this important region of the root canal system. (AU)

Evaluation of Microleakage by Gas Permeability and Marginal Adaptation of MTA and BiodentineTM Apical Plugs: In Vitro Study / Evaluación de la microfiltración por permeabilidad de gas y adaptación marginal de tapones apicales de MTA y BiodentineTM: Estudio in vitro

Abstract The endodontic treatment of teeth with incomplete development is always a complex task. Nowadays, biomaterials such as bioceramics offers promising clinical evidence that supports its use. However, the standardization of its use for apexification purpose still needs a deeper understanding of the materials' behavior. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the marginal adaptability and microleakage by gas permeability of MTA and Biodentine™ apical plugs in an in vitro model. Materials and methods: Twenty- four single rooted human teeth were selected according to previously stablished inclusion criteria. All samples were prepared obtaining standard cylindrical internal canals with a diameter of 1.3 mm. Root canals were gently rinsed using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and EDTA 17%. The apical 3mm and remaining coronal dental structure were sectioned to obtain 10mm roots. Roots were randomly assigned to 3 different groups as follows: GROUP A: MTA (n=10), GROUP B: Biodentine™ (n=10) and Group C: Control (positive n=1, negative n=3). MTA and Biodentine™ were prepared according to manufacturer's indications, and apical plugs of 4mm were passively placed in the correspondent teeth. All samples were stored in saline solution for 7 days at 37°C before evaluation. Samples were mounted in cylindrical sample-holders using epoxy resin. Microleakage was evaluated with an automatic permeability detector that calculates nitrogen diffusion between the material-root interphase. After microleakage evaluation, the samples were recovered and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microleakage results were analyzed using Chi-square and adaptation was evaluated with a descriptive analysis. Results: None of the evaluated materials completely avoided the nitrogen microleakage (positive leakage of 10% and 20% of samples for MTA and Biodentine™ respectively); with no statistical significant difference between groups (p=0.527). All apical plugs showed good adaptation under SEM, at 30x, 200x, 1000x and 2500x; with microscopical structures similar to previous reports. Conclusions: Both bioceramics behave similar when used as apical barriers to avoid permeability, with acceptable marginal adaptation. Further in vivo studies are needed to validate these results.

Resumen El tratamiento endodóntico de dientes con desarrollo incompleto es siempre una tarea compleja. Hoy en día, biomateriales como las biocerámicas ofrecen una evidencia clínica prometedora que apoya su uso. Sin embargo, la estandarización de su uso para fines de apexificación todavía necesita una comprensión más profunda del comportamiento de los materiales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la adaptabilidad marginal y microfiltración por permeabilidad de gas de los tapones apicales de MTA y Biodentine™ en un modelo in vitro. Materiales y métodos: Veiticuatro dientes humanos uniradiculares fueron seleccionados meticulosamente según criterios de inclusión previamente establecidos. Todas las muestras fueron preparadas con canales cilíndricos internos estandarizados de 1,3 mm de diámetro. Los conductos radiculares fueron gentilmente lavados con hipoclorito de sodio al 5,25% y EDTA al 17%. La estructura dental apical de 3 mm y la coronal restante se seccionó para obtener raíces de 10 mm de longitud. Las raíces se asignaron aleatoriamente a 3 grupos diferentes de la siguiente manera: GRUPO A: MTA (n = 10), GRUPO B: Biodentine™ (n = 10) y Grupo C: Control (n = 1 positivo, n = 3 negativos). El MTA y Biodentine™ se prepararon de acuerdo con las indicaciones de los fabricantes, y se colocaron pasivamente los tapones apicales de 4 mm en los dientes correspondientes. Todas las muestras se almacenaron en solución salina durante 7 días a 37ºC antes de la evaluación. Las muestras se montaron en porta-muestras cilíndricos utilizando resina epóxica. La microfiltración se evaluó con un detector de permeabilidad automática que calcula la difusión de nitrógeno entre la interfase material-raíz. Después de la evaluación de microfiltración, las muestras fueron recuperadas y analizadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Los resultados de microfiltración se analizaron utilizando una prueba estadística de Chi-cuadrado y la adaptación se evaluó con un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Ninguno de los materiales evaluados evitó completamente la microfiltración de nitrógeno (fuga positiva de 10% y 20% de muestras para MTA y Biodentine™, respectivamente); sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (p = 0,527). Todos los tapones apicales mostraron una buena adaptación bajo SEM, a 30x, 200x, 1000x y 2500x; con morfologías similares a las previamente reportadas. Conclusiones: ambas biocerámicas se comportan de forma similar cuando se usan como barreras apicales para evitar la permeabilidad de gas, con adaptación marginal aceptable. Se necesitan más estudios in vivo para validar estos resultados.

Factors affecting the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth

Abstract Tissue repair is an essential process that reestablishes tissue integrity and regular function. Nevertheless, different therapeutic factors and clinical conditions may interfere in this process of periapical healing. This review aims to discuss the important therapeutic factors associated with the clinical protocol used during root canal treatment and to highlight the systemic conditions associated with the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth. The antibacterial strategies indicated in the conventional treatment of an inflamed and infected pulp and the modulation of the host's immune response may assist in tissue repair, if wound healing has been hindered by infection. Systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, can also inhibit wound healing. The success of root canal treatment is affected by the correct choice of clinical protocol. These factors are dependent on the sanitization process (instrumentation, irrigant solution, irrigating strategies, and intracanal dressing), the apical limit of the root canal preparation and obturation, and the quality of the sealer. The challenges affecting the healing process of endodontically treated teeth include control of the inflammation of pulp or infectious processes and simultaneous neutralization of unpredictable provocations to the periapical tissue. Along with these factors, one must understand the local and general clinical conditions (systemic health of the patient) that affect the outcome of root canal treatment prediction.

Avaliação comparativa da citotoxicidade dos cimentos MTA Fillapex e AH Plus: revisão integrativa / Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of MTA Fillapex and AH Plus cements: an integrative review

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão integrativa comparando a citotoxicidade dos cimentos MTA Fillapex e AH Plus aos tecidos periapicais. Métodos: Foram utilizados artigos na íntegra, nos idiomas português e inglês, publicados durante os períodos de 2010 a 2017, selecionados na base de dados Scielo e Pubmed, utilizando os seguintes descritores: AH Plus, MTA Fillapex e citotoxicidade. Foram excluídos, os trabalhos no idioma não inglês, artigos sem resumo, trabalhos realizados em dentes decíduos e casos clínicos. Resultados: Foram identificados dezenove artigos nas bases de dados, sendo dois artigos no SciELO e dezessete artigos no Pubmed. Após a leitura aprofundada desses artigos, foram excluídos seis artigos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Dessa forma, a amostra final foi composta por treze artigos científicos, todos de modelos experimentais, publicados em periódicos de procedência internacional, da área odontológica, sendo 50% dos estudos do ano de 2013. Conclusão: Os estudos demonstraram que o MTA Fillapex apresentou maior citotoxicidade aos tecidos periapicais que o cimento AH Plus.(AU)

Aim: This study aimed to perform an integrative review, comparing the cytotoxicity of MTA Fillapex and AH Plus cements to periapical tissues. Methods: Full articles were used in the Portuguese and English languages, published during from 2010 to 2017, selected in the Scielo and Pubmed database, using the following descriptors: AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and cytotoxicity. Excluded were nonEnglish works, articles without abstracts, work done on primary teeth, and clinical cases. Results: Nineteen articles were identified in the databases, two articles in SciELO and seventeen articles in Pubmed. After the in-depth reading of these articles, six articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus, the final sample consisted of thirteen scientific articles, all of which were experimental models published in international journals in the field of dentistry, with 50% of the studies published in 2013. Conclusion: The studies showed that MTA Fillapex presented greater cytotoxicity to periapical tissues than did the AH Plus cement.(AU)